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#Set member variable grandtotal equal to the call to methods code#

Constructor: refers to a special type of function which will be called automatically whenever there is an object formation from a class.Encapsulation: refers to a concept where we encapsulate all the data and member functions together to form an object.Data Abstraction: Any representation of data in which the implementation details are hidden (abstracted).Similarly, functions can also be overloaded with different implementation. Overloading: a type of polymorphism in which some or all of operators have different implementations depending on the types of their arguments.For example, function name will remain same but it make take different number of arguments and can do different task. Polymorphism: This is an object-oriented concept where same function can be used for different purposes.This is also called a subclass or derived class. Child Class: A class that inherits from another class.This is also called a base class or super class.

Parent class: A class that is inherited from by another class.

Here child class will inherit all or few member functions and variables of a parent class.

Inheritance: When a class is defined by inheriting existing function of a parent class then it is called inheritance.

Member function: These are the function defined inside a class and are used to access object data.

These variables are called attribute of the object once an object is created. This data will be invisible to the outside of the class and can be accessed via member functions.

Member Variable: These are the variables defined inside a class.

You define a class once and then make many objects that belong to it.

Object: An individual instance of the data structure defined by a class.

You can think of a class as a template for making many instances of the same kind (or class) of object.

Class: This is a programmer-defined data type, which includes local functions as well as local data.

Now that we have a basic idea about OOP, let us dive into understanding classes and objects.Д«efore we go in detail, lets define important terms related to Object Oriented Programming. PHP 5, which was shipped in 2004, arrived with a far superior object model that was better at handling objects, thereby increasing the performance and scalability of the web applications. As the object had to be copied, recreated, and stored several times, this led to poor scalability for big applications, extra usage of memory, and unnecessary overhead on the resources. So, a whole object would be copied when an object had to be passed in as a parameter to a function. In 2000, PHP 4 was released with a better support for object-oriented features, but the implementation of objects was still an issue, as the object referencing was handled similar to value types.

Basic object-oriented features such as objects and classes were introduced into PHP 3 in 1998.

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OOP allows us to group our code based on behaviors and attributes and also allows us to organize our code for better reusability.

OOP is not a new concept and has been around for a very long period. Though there could be multiple objects of the same class, the data stored in each object would be stored in different memory locations.

Therefore, the instances carry the same attributes and behaviors of that class. The attributes and behaviors are defined in a class, and an object is an instance of a class. An object is a complex data structure that can have one or more types of attributes and one or more types of behaviors. As the User object stores the address, we could have a behavior to allow and facilitate address retrieval the behaviors are referred to as class methods. Let us consider the example of a User object a user will have a name, an age, and an address, and these will be the attributes for a user. An attribute can be described as a variable that is in the object, which is used to hold data pertaining to that object, while a behavior describes what an object can do. Object-oriented programming is a popular programming paradigm where concepts are grouped into reusable objects that carry their own attributes and behaviors.